Fever During Pregnancy: Causes, Risks and Treatment
Pregnancy brings many changes to your body, and sometimes it’s hard to distinguish between normal pregnancy symptoms and potential health concerns. A fever during pregnancy can be especially worrisome and is a common reason for emergency consultations. Fever during pregnancy can be associated with serious maternal, obstetrical, and fetal complications. For the mother, fever can lead to conditions such as sepsis or organ damage. Obstetrically, it may result in miscarriage, preterm birth, or chorioamnionitis (a bacterial infection of the membranes surrounding the baby). For the fetus, fever has been linked to an increased risk of congenital abnormalities and, in severe cases, fetal death.
What is Considered a Fever During Pregnancy?
Fever during pregnancy is defined the same way as for non-pregnant individuals: a body temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. However, if your temperature reaches 101°F (38.3°C), it’s important to call your healthcare provider right away, even if you are not experiencing other severe symptoms. Early intervention can help prevent complications.
For lower-grade fevers (around 100°F or 37.8°C), it’s still a good idea to monitor your symptoms and contact your doctor if the fever persists or worsens. Sometimes, low-grade fevers are just a mild response to common illnesses like colds, but they can also signal more serious conditions that need prompt treatment.
Common Causes of Fever During Pregnancy
Several conditions can cause a fever during pregnancy, many of which are common illnesses that you might experience even when you are not pregnant. Some potential causes include:
The Common Cold
Pregnancy alters your immune system, making you more susceptible to viral infections such as the common cold. While a cold can cause mild fevers, it usually does not pose serious risks to you or your baby.
The Flu
The flu is more concerning for pregnant women due to increased risks of complications. The flu often presents with higher fevers, body aches, and chills. It’s important to get a flu shot early in the season, especially during pregnancy, to minimize the risk of flu-related complications. For more details please see “Cough Colds and Flu During Pregnancy: Treatments, Risks, and Prevention“.
Bacterial Infections
Fevers can also result from bacterial infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney infections, or strep throat. These conditions may require antibiotics for treatment, so prompt medical evaluation is essential.
Listeriosis
Listeriosis, a rare but serious infection caused by consuming contaminated food, can lead to high fevers. Pregnant women are more susceptible to listeria bacteria, which can be found in unpasteurized dairy products and undercooked meats. The infection can pose risks to both the mother and baby, so it’s important to follow food safety guidelines during pregnancy.
COVID-19
Fever is a common symptom of COVID-19, and pregnant women are at increased risk for complications from the virus. If you suspect you may have been exposed to COVID-19 or are experiencing symptoms, it is important to get tested and seek medical advice immediately.
How Long Can a Fever Last During Pregnancy?
The duration of a fever during pregnancy depends on the underlying cause. A fever from a mild cold might last only a day or two, while one caused by the flu or a bacterial infection could last longer. If your fever persists for more than a couple of days or reaches 101°F (38.3°C) or higher, contact your healthcare provider for further evaluation.
Is a Fever Risky During Early Pregnancy?
A fever in early pregnancy can pose more significant concerns compared to later stages of pregnancy. Some studies have suggested a link between high fevers during the first trimester and an increased risk of certain birth defects. While further research is needed to fully understand this connection, managing fevers during the first trimester is critical. If your temperature rises, it is important to contact your doctor immediately.
During the first trimester, a fever higher than 103°F (39.5°C) can elevate the risk of:
- Miscarriage
- Defects in the baby’s brain or spinal cord (such as neural tube defects)
Later in pregnancy, high fevers can also increase the risk of:
- Preterm labor
Effects of Fever on Baby
There has been significant research into the effects of fever on fetal development, though results are sometimes conflicting. Below, we will explore some of the potential risks, including congenital irregularities and autism.
Congenital Abnormalities
Some studies suggest that fever during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester, may increase the risk of congenital abnormalities. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 in every 33 babies in the U.S. is born with a congenital irregularity.
A 2014 review of 46 studies found that fever in the first trimester might raise the risk of congenital heart defects, oral clefts, and neural tube defects by 1.5 to 3 times. However, some of these studies had insufficient evidence to firmly establish this link. The CDC also reported that women who had fevers during pregnancy were twice as likely to have a baby with a neural tube defect, though consuming the recommended dose of folic acid appeared to reduce this risk.
Despite some evidence connecting fever to congenital abnormalities, more recent research, such as a 2017 study, has questioned this association, suggesting that the connection may not be as strong as previously thought. Therefore, while some studies raise concerns, the research remains inconclusive.
Autism
Another area of interest is the potential link between maternal fever and autism. A 2018 analysis found an association between fevers during pregnancy, particularly in the second trimester, and an increased risk of autism. The study indicated that frequent fevers raised the risk further. However, the risk of autism was lower in cases where women took antipyretic (fever-reducing) medications during their pregnancy.
Can Fever Cause Pregnancy Loss?
While fever itself does not directly cause pregnancy loss, it can be a sign of an underlying infection, which increases the risk of miscarriage. Miscarriage occurs in approximately 20% of pregnancies, and infections have been found to contribute to about 15% of early pregnancy losses and up to 66% of late pregnancy losses.
These statistics suggest that while fever during pregnancy is concerning, the risk of miscarriage from fever alone is relatively low unless it’s associated with an infection.
Treatment for Fever During Pregnancy
Treating a fever during pregnancy involves both managing the fever itself and addressing its underlying cause. Here are some steps you can take to bring down a fever safely:
- Acetaminophen (Tylenol): This is the safest fever-reducing medication during pregnancy. Take it as directed by your doctor.
- Avoid Ibuprofen and Aspirin: These medications are not recommended during pregnancy unless specifically advised by your healthcare provider.
- Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids, such as water or electrolyte solutions, to stay hydrated and help your body regulate its temperature.
- Rest: Give your body time to recover by getting plenty of rest.
- Use Cool Compresses: Apply a cool, damp cloth to your forehead or the back of your neck to help reduce your temperature.
Home Remedies for Fever During Pregnancy
Mild fevers can sometimes be managed with home remedies, such as resting and staying hydrated. These measures can help alleviate fever symptoms and speed up recovery from common illnesses. Additionally, consuming folic acid is essential for prenatal care, as it has been shown to reduce the risk of neural tube defects.
A 2017 study found that women who had fevers right before or early in pregnancy and consumed less than 400 micrograms of folic acid per day were at a higher risk of giving birth to a baby with a neural tube defect.
However, it is crucial to consult a healthcare provider before attempting any home treatments during pregnancy, as some illnesses can pose a risk to the developing fetus.
Preventing Fever During Pregnancy
Preventing fever during pregnancy involves taking steps to avoid illnesses that can lead to fever. Here are some tips to help minimize your risk:
- Wash your hands frequently, especially after being in public spaces or around people who are sick.
- Avoid close contact with sick individuals whenever possible.
- Get vaccinated for the flu, as it can help prevent flu-related fevers during pregnancy.
- Follow food safety guidelines to avoid infections like listeriosis.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Is fever a sign of pregnancy?
No, fever is not a typical sign of pregnancy. Symptoms such as missed periods, nausea, and breast tenderness are more common early indicators. If you have a fever during pregnancy, it is likely due to an infection or another medical condition.
What should I do if I have a low-grade fever during pregnancy?
If you have a low-grade fever (under 100°F or 37.8°C), monitor your temperature closely and stay hydrated. If your fever persists or you feel unwell, contact your healthcare provider for advice.
Can I take Tylenol while pregnant?
Yes, Tylenol (acetaminophen) is generally considered safe for reducing fever during pregnancy. However, always consult your doctor before taking any medication.
Can a fever during pregnancy harm my baby?
A mild fever is unlikely to harm your baby, but a high fever (over 101°F or 38.3°C) can be more concerning, especially in the first trimester. Contact your doctor to discuss treatment and any potential risks.
Is it normal to feel chills during pregnancy?
Feeling chills without a fever can occur during pregnancy due to hormonal fluctuations. However, if you experience chills with a fever, it may be a sign of an infection, and you should seek medical attention.
Conclusion
Fevers during pregnancy can be unsettling, but they are not uncommon. While mild fevers are usually not a cause for concern, higher fevers, especially in the early stages of pregnancy, should be addressed promptly. By taking preventive measures, such as getting vaccinated, practicing good hygiene, and knowing when to seek medical help, you can protect both yourself and your baby. Always consult with your healthcare provider if you have any concerns about your health during pregnancy.
